Umbane yimbangela eqhelekileyo yokungaphumeleli kwi-photovoltaic (PV) kunye neenkqubo zombane zomoya.Isantya esiyingozi singenzeka ukusuka kumbane obetha umgama omde ukusuka kwinkqubo, okanye naphakathi kwamafu.Kodwa uninzi lomonakalo wombane uyathinteleka.Nazi ezinye zeendlela ezingabizi kakhulu ezamkelwa ngokubanzi ngabafaki benkqubo yamandla, ngokusekelwe kumashumi eminyaka yamava.Landela eli cebiso, kwaye unethuba elihle kakhulu lokuphepha umonakalo wombane kwinkqubo yakho yamandla avuselelekayo (RE).
Zimisele
Ukuthoba lelona cebo libalulekileyo lokhuseleko kumonakalo wombane.Awunako ukumisa ukugqabhuka kombane, kodwa ungayinika indlela ethe ngqo eya emhlabeni edlula izixhobo zakho zexabiso, kwaye ukhuphe ngokukhuselekileyo umhlaba.Indlela yombane eya emhlabeni iya kuhlala ikhupha umbane ongatshintshiyo oqokelelana kwisakhiwo esingaphezulu komhlaba.Ngokufuthi, oku kuthintela umtsalane wombane kwasekuqaleni.
Izithinteli zombane kunye nezikhuseli zombane ziyilelwe ukukhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki ngokufunxa ukushukuma kombane.Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo aziyithathi indawo yesiseko esihle.Zisebenza kuphela ngokubambisana nesiseko esisebenzayo.Inkqubo yokumisa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeziseko zocingo lwakho.Yifake phambi okanye ngelixa i-wiring yamandla ifakiwe.Kungenjalo, xa isistim isisebenza, eli candelo libalulekileyo alinakuze lichotshelwe kuluhlu “lokwenza”.
Inyathelo lokuqala kumhlaba kukwakha indlela yokukhupha ukuya emhlabeni ngokudibanisa (ukudibanisa) zonke iinxalenye zesakhiwo sesinyithi kunye neendawo ezivaliweyo zombane, ezifana nezakhelo zemodyuli ye-PV, ii-racks ezinyukayo, kunye neenqaba zejeneretha zomoya.IKhowudi yeSizwe yoMbane (NEC), iSiqendu 250 kunye neSiqendu 690.41 ngokusebenzisa i-690.47 icacisa ikhowudi yokulinganisa ikhowudi, izixhobo kunye nobuchule.Kuphephe ukugoba okubukhali kwiingcingo ezisemhlabeni—izandi eziphakamileyo zangoku azithandi ukujika iikona eziqinileyo kwaye zinokutsibela ngokulula kwiintambo ezikufutshane.Nika ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kwiziqhotyoshelo zocingo lobhedu kwizinto zesakhiwo se-aluminium (ingakumbi iifreyimu zemodyuli ye-PV).Sebenzisa izixhumi ezibhalwe "AL / CU" kunye nezibophelelo zensimbi ezingenasici, ezinciphisa amandla okubola.Iingcingo ezisezantsi zazo zombini iisekethe ze-DC kunye ne-AC nazo ziya kudityaniswa kule nkqubo yokumisa.(Jonga amanqaku eKhona yeKhowudi kuluhlu lwePV olusekelwe kwi-HP102 kunye ne-HP103 ukufumana iingcebiso ezingaphezulu.)
Iinduku zomhlaba
Owona mba ubuthathaka wofakelo oluninzi ludibaniso lomhlaba ngokwawo.Ngapha koko, awukwazi ukubophelela nje ucingo emhlabeni!Endaweni yoko, kufuneka ugrumbe okanye ubethelele intonga yentsimbi eqhubayo, engadlekiyo (ubhedu ngokubanzi) emhlabeni, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba uninzi lommandla wayo udibana nomhlaba ohambisa amanzi (oko kuthetha ukuba ufumile).Ngale ndlela, xa umbane ongatshintshiyo okanye utyando lwehla emgceni, ii-electron ziyakwazi ukuthontelana emhlabeni ngokuxhathisa okuncinci.
Ngendlela efanayo nendlela i-drain field echitha ngayo amanzi, i-grounding acts dissipate electrons.Ukuba umbhobho wokuhambisa amanzi awukhuphi ngokwaneleyo emhlabeni, ukugcinwa kogcino kwenzeka.Xa ii-electron zibuyela umva, zitsiba isithuba (esenza i-arc yombane) ukuya kwiingcingo zamandla akho, ngesixhobo sakho, kwaye emva koko kuphela emhlabeni.
Ukuthintela oku, fakela enye okanye ngaphezulu eziziimitha ezi-8 ubude (2.4 m), 5/8-intshi (16 mm) iintonga zomhlaba ezityatyekwe ngobhedu, kukhethwa kumhlaba ofumileyo.Intonga enye ayidlanga ngokwaneleyo, ngakumbi kumhlaba owomileyo.Kwiindawo apho umhlaba wome kakhulu, faka iintonga eziliqela, uzibeke kwindawo emalunga neemitha ezi-3 ukusuka kude uze uzidibanise ngocingo olungenanto lobhedu, olungcwatywe.Enye indlela kukungcwaba #6 (13 mm2), kabini #8 (8 mm2), okanye ucingo olukhulu olungenanto lobhedu kumsele ubuncinane oziimitha ezingama-100 (30 m) ubude.(Ucingo lwasemhlabeni olungenanto lunokuqhutywa phantsi komsele othwala amanzi okanye imibhobho yogutyulo, okanye ezinye iingcingo zombane).Qhagamshela isiphelo esinye socingo ngalunye olungcwatyiweyo kwinkqubo yokumisa.
Zama ukuhambisa inxalenye yenkqubo kwiindawo ezimanzi, njengalapho uphahla lukhupha amanzi okanye apho izityalo kufuneka zinkcenkceshelwe.Ukuba kukho i-steel well-casing kufuphi, ungayisebenzisa njengentonga yomhlaba (yenza uxhulumaniso oluqinileyo, oludibeneyo kwi-casing).
Kwiimozulu ezifumileyo, iinyawo zekhonkrithi zoluhlu olusezantsi okanye olunyuswe ngepali, okanye inqaba yejenereyitha yomoya, okanye iintonga zomhlaba ezifakwe kwikhonkrithi aziyi kubonelela ngokusisiseko ngokufanelekileyo.Kwezi ndawo, ikhonkrithi iya kuhlala ingaphantsi kunomhlaba ofumileyo ojikeleze inyawo.Ukuba oku kunjalo, fakela intonga yomhlaba ecaleni kwekhonkrithi kwisiseko soluhlu, okanye kwisiseko senqaba yakho yejenereyitha yomoya nakwi-ankile yocingo yomfo ngamnye, uze udibanise zonke kunye nocingo olungenanto, olungcwatywe.
Kwimozulu eyomileyo okanye eyomileyo, okuchaseneyo kudla ngokuba yinyani—inyawo zekhonkrithi zinokuba nobumanzi obuphezulu kunomhlaba ojikelezileyo, kwaye zinika ithuba loqoqosho lokubeka umhlaba.Ukuba i-20-foot-long (okanye ngaphezulu) i-rebar kufuneka ifakwe kwikhonkrithi, i-rebar ngokwayo inokusebenza njengentonga yomhlaba.(Qaphela: Oku kufuneka kucwangciswe ngaphambi kokuba ikhonkrithi igalelwe.) Le ndlela yokumisa ixhaphake kwiindawo ezomileyo, kwaye ichazwe kwi-NEC, iSiqendu 250.52 (A3), "I-Electrode ye-Concrete-Encased."
Ukuba awuqinisekanga ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokumisa indawo yakho, thetha nomhloli wakho wombane ngexesha loyilo lwenkqubo yakho.Awukwazi ukuba nesiseko esininzi kakhulu.Kwindawo eyomileyo, sebenzisa lonke ithuba lokufaka iintonga zomhlaba ezingafunekiyo, ucingo olungcwatywayo, njl njl. Ukuze ugweme ukubola, sebenzisa i-hardware evunyiweyo kuphela yokwenza uxhulumaniso kwiintonga zomhlaba.Sebenzisa iibholithi zobhedu ukuze udibanise iingcingo zomhlaba ngokuthembekileyo.
Grounding Power Circuits
Ukwakhiwa kweengcingo, i-NEC ifuna ukuba elinye icala lenkqubo yamandla ye-DC liqhagamshelwe-okanye "lidityaniswe" emhlabeni.Inxalenye ye-AC yaloo nkqubo kufuneka kwakhona isekelwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo eqhagamshelwe kwigridi.(Oku kuyinyaniso eUnited States. Kwamanye amazwe, iisekethe zombane ezingenasiseko ziyinto eqhelekileyo.) Ukuthoba inkqubo yombane kuyafuneka kwinkqubo yekhaya yale mihla eUnited States.Kubalulekile ukuba i-DC negative kunye ne-AC neutral zibotshelelwe phantsi kwindawo enye kuphela kwiinkqubo zazo, kwaye zombini kwindawo enye kwinkqubo yokumisa.Oku kwenziwa kwindawo yolawulo yamandla esembindini.
Abavelisi benjongo enye, iinkqubo ezizimeleyo (ezifana neempompo zamanzi elanga kunye nabaphinda-phindwayo koonomathotholo) bacebisa ukuba banganikeli phantsi isekethi yamandla.Jonga kwimiyalelo yomenzi ngeengcebiso ezithile.
I-Array Wiring kunye ne "Twisted Pair" Technique
I-Array wiring kufuneka isebenzise ubude obuncinane bocingo, olufakwe kwisakhelo sesinyithi.Iingcingo ezilungileyo nezinegethivu kufuneka zilingane ngobude, kwaye ziqhutywe kunye xa kunokwenzeka.Oku kuya kunciphisa ukufakwa kombane ogqithisileyo phakathi kwee-conductor.I-Metal conduit (ephantsi) yongeza umaleko wokukhusela.Gcoba iintambo ezinde zangaphandle endaweni yokuba uziqhube phezulu.Ucingo olubaleka kangangeemitha ezingama-30 nangaphezulu lufana ne-eriyali—luya kubethwa ngumbane osemafini.Ukunyuka okufanayo kusengenzeka nokuba iingcingo zingcwatyiwe, kodwa uninzi lwabafakeli bayavuma ukuba iintambo zothumelo ezingcwatyiweyo zinciphisa ngakumbi ukonakala kombane.
Isicwangciso esilula sokunciphisa ukungenwa kukunyuka ngamandla bubuchule “besibini esijijekileyo”, obunceda ukulinganisa kunye nokucima naziphi na ii-voltages ezibangelwayo phakathi kweekondaktari ezimbini nangaphezulu.Kunokuba nzima ukufumana intambo yombane efanelekileyo esele ijijekile, ngoko nantsi into omawuyenze: Yala iperi yeengcingo zamandla emhlabeni.Faka intonga phakathi kweengcingo, kwaye uzijije kunye.Rhoqo ngeemitha ezili-10, tshintshana indlela.(Oku kulula kakhulu kunokuzama ukujija umgama wonke kwicala elinye.) I-drill yamandla ngamanye amaxesha inokusetyenziselwa ukujija iingcingo ngokunjalo, ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bocingo.Khusela nje iziphelo zocingo kwi-drill's chuck kwaye uvumele isenzo se-drill sijije iintambo kunye.Qinisekisa ukuqhuba i-drill ngesona santya sisezantsi ukuba uzama obu buchwephesha.
Akukho mfuneko yokuba ucingo lomhlaba lujijelwe ngeengcingo zombane.Kwiindawo zokungcwaba, sebenzisa ucingo olungenanto lobhedu;ukuba usebenzisa i-conduit, sebenzisa ucingo lomhlaba ngaphandle kombhobho.Uqhagamshelwano olongezelelweyo lomhlaba luya kuphucula ukusekwa kwenkqubo.
Sebenzisa intambo ephothiweyo kuyo nayiphi na intambo yonxibelelwano okanye yokulawula (umzekelo, intambo yokutshintsha okudadayo yokuvalwa kwetanki egcweleyo yempompo yamanzi yelanga).Olu cingo luncinci lwegeyiji lufumaneka lula kwiintambo ezijijelweyo, ezininzi, okanye ngababini.Ungathenga kwakhona intambo ejijekileyo ekhuselweyo, enefoyile yentsimbi ejikeleze iingcingo ezijijekileyo, kwaye ngokwesiqhelo intambo eyahlukileyo, engenanto "yokukhupha" ngokunjalo.Ground i-cable shield kunye ne-drain wire kwelinye icala kuphela, ukuphelisa ithuba lokudala i-loop yomhlaba (indlela engaphantsi ngokuthe ngqo emhlabeni) kwi-wiring.
Ukhuseleko loMbane olongezelelweyo
Ukongeza kwimilinganiselo ebanzi yokumisa, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokukhusela kunye (mhlawumbi) neentonga zombane ziyacetyiswa kwiziza nazo naziphi na iimeko zilandelayo:
• Indawo eyodwa kumhlaba ophakamileyo kwindawo enombane
• Umhlaba owomileyo, onamatye, okanye ngenye indlela engahambi kakuhle
• Ucingo lubaleka ixesha elide kune-100 leenyawo (30 m)
AbaBambi boMbane
Izibambi zombane zenzelwe ukufunxa i-voltage spikes ezibangelwa zizaqhwithi zombane (okanye ngaphandle kwe-spec utility power), kwaye zivumele ngokufanelekileyo ukutyhutyha ukuba kudlule iingcingo zombane kunye nezixhobo zakho.Izikhuseli zokuqhafaza kufuneka zifakwe kuzo zombini iziphelo zalo naluphi na ucingo olude oluqhagamshelwe kuyo nayiphi na indawo yesixokelelwano sakho, kuquka iilayini ze-AC ezisuka kwi-inverter.Ababambeli benzelwe ii-voltages ezahlukeneyo kuzo zombini i-AC kunye ne-DC.Qinisekisa ukuba usebenzisa ababambeli abafanelekileyo kwisicelo sakho.Uninzi lwabafakeli benkqubo basebenzisa rhoqo i-Delta surge arrestors, ezingabizi kwaye zibonelela ngokhuseleko apho isoyikiso sombane siphakathi, kodwa ezi yunithi azisekho kuluhlu lwe-UL.
I-PolyPhaser kunye ne-Transtector yokubamba ziimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwiziza ezinombane kunye nofakelo olukhulu.Ezi yunithi ezihlala zihlala zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluqinileyo kunye nokuhambelana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zombane wenkqubo.Ezinye izixhobo zinezalathi zokubonisa iindlela zokungaphumeleli.
Imibane yoMbane
"Iintonga zombane" zixhobo zokukhupha i-static ezibekwe ngaphezu kwezakhiwo kunye ne-solar-electric arrays, kwaye zixhunywe emhlabeni.Zenzelwe ukuthintela ukwakhiwa kwentlawulo ye-static kunye ne-ionization ekugqibeleni ye-atmosphere engqongileyo.Zinganceda ukuthintela ugwayimbo, kwaye zinokubonelela ngendlela yomsinga ophakame kakhulu ukuya emhlabeni ukuba ugwayimbo luyenzeka.Izixhobo zale mihla zimile okwespike, zihlala zinamanqaku amaninzi.
Izibane zokukhanyisa zidla ngokusetyenziswa kuphela kwiindawo ezifumana izaqhwithi zombane ezigqithisileyo.Ukuba ucinga ukuba indawo yakho iwela kolu didi, qesha ikontraka enamava ekukhuselweni kombane.Ukuba isifakeli senkqubo yakho asifanelekanga kangako, cinga ukubonisana nengcali yokhuseleko lombane phambi kokuba kufakwe inkqubo.Ukuba kunokwenzeka, khetha iBhodi yaseMntla yaseMelika yaBasebenzi baMandla aQinisekisiweyo (NABCEP) i-PV installer eqinisekisiweyo (jonga ukuFikelela).Nangona esi satifikethi singangqalanga kukhuseleko lombane, sinokuba luphawu lwenqanaba lomfaki wobuchule obupheleleyo.
Ngaphandle Kwamehlo, Akunjalo Ngengqondo
Umsebenzi omninzi wokukhusela umbane ungcwatywe, kwaye ungabonakali.Ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba yenziwa ngokuchanekileyo, yibhale kwisivumelwano sakho nesifakeli senkqubo yakho, ingcibi yombane, i-excavator, i-plumber, i-driller, okanye nabani na owenza umsebenzi wasemhlabeni oya kuqulatha isixokelelwano sakho sokumisa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-10-2020