Uninzi lweepaneli zelanga ezigubungela uphahla lwehlabathi, amasimi kunye neentlango namhlanje zinento enye: icrystalline silicon.Izinto, ezenziwe nge-polysilicon ekrwada, zibunjwe zibe zii-wafers kwaye zifakwe kwiiseli zelanga, izixhobo eziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane.Kutshanje, ukuxhomekeka kolu shishino kobu buchwepheshe bunye kuye kwaba yinto eyityala.Iingxaki zekhonkco lonikezeloziyacothaUfakelo olutsha lwelanga kwihlabathi liphela.Ababoneleli abaphambili bepolysilicon kwingingqi yase China Xinjiang -etyholwa ngokusebenzisa abantu baseUyghurs ngokusebenzisa isinyanzelo- bajongene nezohlwayo zorhwebo zase-US.
Ngethamsanqa, i-crystalline silicon ayisiyiyo kuphela into enokunceda ukusebenzisa amandla elanga.EUnited States, izazinzulu kunye nabavelisi basebenzela ukwandisa imveliso yetekhnoloji yelanga ye-cadmium telluride.I-Cadmium telluride luhlobo “lwefilimu ecekethekileyo” yeseli yelanga, kwaye, njengoko eli gama libonisa, ibhityile kakhulu kuneseli yesilicon yemveli.Namhlanje, iipaneli ezisebenzisa i-cadmium tellurideubonelele malunga nama-40 ekhulwinikwimakethi yomgangatho woncedo wase-US, kwaye malunga ne-5 yepesenti yemarike yelanga yehlabathi.Kwaye bamele ukuxhamla kwimimoya ejongene noshishino olubanzi lwelanga.
“Lixesha eliguquguqukayo kakhulu, ngakumbi kwitsheyina lokubonelela nge-silicon yekristale ngokubanzi,” utshilo uKelsey Goss, umhlalutyi wophando ngelanga weqela labacebisi bamandla uWood Mackenzie."Kukho amathuba okuba abavelisi be-cadmium telluride bathathe isabelo sentengiso ngakumbi kulo nyaka uzayo."Ngokukodwa, waphawula, ekubeni icandelo le-cadmium telluride sele linyuka.
NgoJuni, umenzi welanga i-First Solar uthe iya kuba njaloutyalomali $680 yezigidikumzi-mveliso welanga wesithathu we-cadmium telluride kumntla-ntshona weOhio.Xa isibonelelo sigqityiwe, ngo-2025, inkampani iya kuba nakho ukwenza iipaneli zelanga ezixabisa i-6 gigawatts kule ndawo.Oko kwanele ukunika amandla malunga nesigidi esi-1 samakhaya aseMelika.Enye inkampani esekwe e-Ohio, i-Toledo Solar, isandula ukungena kwimarike kwaye yenza iipaneli ze-cadmium telluride kuphahla lwezindlu.Kwaye ngoJuni, iSebe lezaMandla lase-US kunye neLebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelwayo, okanye i-NREL,yasungula inkqubo yezigidi ezingama-20 zeerandiukukhawulezisa uphando kunye nokukhulisa ikhonkco lokubonelela nge-cadmium telluride.Enye yeenjongo zale nkqubo kukuncedisa ekugqumeni imakethi yelanga yase-US kwizithintelo zobonelelo lwehlabathi.
Abaphandi kwi-NREL kunye ne-First Solar, ngaphambili eyayibizwa ngokuba yiSolar Cell Inc., basebenze kunye ukususela ekuqaleni koo-1990 ukuphuhlisa.itekhnoloji ye-cadmium telluride.I-Cadmium kunye ne-teluride zimveliso zokunyibilikisa i-zinc ores kunye nokusulungekisa ubhedu, ngokulandelelanayo.Ngelixa ii-silicon wafers zidityaniswe ndawonye ukwenza iiseli, i-cadmium kunye ne-teluride zisetyenziswa njengomaleko obhityileyo - malunga nesinye kwishumi sobubanzi beenwele zomntu - kwipayini yeglasi, kunye nezinye izinto zokuqhuba umbane.I-First Solar, ngoku eyona mveliso inkulu yeefilimu ezibhityileyo ehlabathini, iye yabonelela ngeepaneli zofakelo lwelanga kumazwe angama-45.
Itekhnoloji ineenzuzo ezithile ngaphezulu kwe-silicon yekristale, utshilo usosayensi we-NREL uLorelle Mansfield.Umzekelo, inkqubo yefilimu ebhityileyo ifuna izixhobo ezimbalwa kunendlela esekwe kwi-wafer.Itekhnoloji yefilimu encinci ifanelekile ukuba isetyenziswe kwiipaneli eziguquguqukayo, njengalezo ezigquma ii-backpacks okanye iidrones okanye ezidityaniswe kwi-façades yokwakha kunye neefestile.Okubalulekileyo, iiphaneli zefilimu ezibhityileyo zisebenza ngcono kumaqondo obushushu ashushu, ngelixa iipaneli ze-silicon zinokutshisa kakhulu kwaye zingasebenzi kakuhle ekuveliseni umbane, utshilo.
Kodwa i-crystalline silicon inesandla esiphezulu kwezinye iindawo, ezifana nokusebenza kwazo okuphakathi - okuthetha ipesenti yokukhanya kwelanga ukuba iipaneli zifunxa kwaye ziguqule zibe ngumbane.Ngokwembali, iiphaneli zesilicon zineentsebenzo eziphezulu kuneteknoloji ye-cadmium telluride, nangona isithuba sincinci.I-18 ukuya kuma-22 ekhulwini, ngelixa i-First Solar ibike ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweepesenti ze-18 kwiipaneli zayo ezintsha zorhwebo.
Okwangoku, esona sizathu siphambili sokuba i-silicon ilawule imarike yehlabathi ilula.“Yonke le nto ixhomekeke kwiindleko,” utshilo uGoss."Intengiso yelanga ithande ukuqhutywa kakhulu kwezona teknoloji ziphantsi."
I-crystalline silicon ixabisa malunga ne-0.24 yeedola ukuya kwi-0.25 yeedola ukuvelisa iwathi nganye yamandla elanga, engaphantsi kunabanye abakhuphisani, utshilo.I-Solar yokuqala yathi ayisekho ingxelo yeendleko-nge-watt ukuvelisa iipaneli zayo ze-cadmium telluride, kuphela ukuba iindleko "ziye zehla kakhulu" ukususela kwi-2015 - xa inkampaniiindleko ingxelo ye $0,46 watt nganye- kwaye uqhubeke ukwehla minyaka le.Kukho izizathu ezimbalwa zokungabizi kakhulu kwe-silicon.Ipolysilicon ekrwada, ekwasetyenziswa kwiikhompyuter nakwii-smartphones, ifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye ayibizi kakhulu kunokubonelela nge-cadmium kunye ne-teluride.Njengoko iifektri zeepaneli ze-silicon kunye nezinto ezinxulumene noko ziye zanyuka, iindleko zizonke zokwenza kunye nokufaka itekhnoloji ziye zehla.Urhulumente waseTshayina naye kakhuluinkxaso kunye nenkxasoicandelo le-silicon yelanga yelizwe - kakhulu kangangokubamalunga nama-80 ekhulwiniIkhonkco lehlabathi lokwenziwa kombane welanga ngoku uhamba eTshayina.
Iindleko zephaneli eziwa phantsi ziqhube i-solar boom yehlabathi.Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, umthamo welanga ofakiweyo wehlabathi unyuke phantse kalishumi, ukusuka malunga neemegawathi ezingama-74,000 ngo-2011 ukuya phantse kuma-714,000 eemegawathi ngo-2020.ngoku kai-Arhente yaMandla aVuselelekayo yaMazwe ngaMazwe.I-United States ithatha malunga nesinye kwisixhenxe sehlabathi lilonke, kwaye ilanga lilo ngokuomnye wemithombo emikhuluUmthamo omtsha wombane ofakwe e-US minyaka le.
Iindleko nge-watt nganye ye-cadmium telluride kunye nobunye ubugcisa befilimu ebhityileyo ngokufanayo kulindeleke ukuba bucutheke njengoko imveliso isanda.(ISolar yokuqala ithiukuba xa isibonelelo sayo esitsha saseOhio sivulwa, inkampani iya kuzisa elona xabiso liphantsi ngewatt nganye kwimarike yelanga lonke.) Kodwa ixabiso ayisiyiyo kuphela i-metric ebalulekileyo, njengoko imiba yokubonelela ngokubonelelwa kweshishini kunye neenkxalabo zabasebenzi zenza kucace.
UMark Widmar, i-CEO ye-First Solar, uthe ulwandiso lwenkampani olucwangcisiweyo lwe-680 yezigidi zeerandi yinxalenye yomzamo omkhulu wokwakha ikhonkco lokubonelela ngokuzimela kunye "nokudibanisa" imboni yelanga yase-US evela e-China.Nangona iiphaneli ze-cadmium telluride zingasebenzisi nayiphi na i-polysilicon, i-First Solar iye yaziva eminye imiceli mngeni ejongene nomzi-mveliso, njengokusilela okubangelwa ngubhubhane kwishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa.Ngo-Epreli, iSolar yokuQala yaxelela abatyali-mali ukuba ingxinano kumazibuko aseMelika ibambe ukuthunyelwa kweephaneli kwizibonelelo zayo eAsia.Ukwandisa imveliso yase-US kuya kuvumela inkampani ukuba isebenzise iindlela kunye noololiwe ukuthumela iipaneli zayo, kungekhona iinqanawa zempahla, u-Widmar uthe.Kwaye inkqubo ekhoyo yenkampani yokuhlaziya iiphaneli zayo zelanga ivumela ukuba iphinde isebenzise imathiriyeli amaxesha amaninzi, inciphisa ngakumbi ukuthembela kwayo kumakhonkco obonelelo angaphandle kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada.
Njengoko iSolar yokuQala ikhupha iipaneli, izazinzulu kuzo zombini iinkampani kunye ne-NREL ziyaqhubeka nokuvavanya nokuphucula itekhnoloji ye-cadmium telluride.Ngo-2019, amaqabaneuphuhlise indlela entshaoko kubandakanya "idoping" izinto zefilimu ezibhityileyo ezinobhedu kunye neklorini ukuphumeza ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu.Ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, NRELubhengeze iziphumoyovavanyo lweminyaka engama-25 kwisakhiwo sayo esingaphandle eGolden, eColorado.Uluhlu lweepaneli ezili-12 zeephaneli ze-cadmium telluride bezisebenza kwi-88 yepesenti yokusebenza kwayo kwasekuqaleni, isiphumo esinamandla sephaneli ehleli ngaphandle iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini.Ukuthotywa "kuhambelana nento eyenziwa yi-silicon systems," ngokukhutshwa kwe-NREL.
UMansfield, isazinzulu se-NREL, uthe injongo ayikokutshintsha i-silicon yekristale nge-cadmium telluride okanye ukuseka itekhnoloji enye ephezulu kunenye.“Ndicinga ukuba kukho indawo yabo bonke emarikeni, kwaye ngamnye unezicelo zakhe,” utshilo."Sifuna ukuba onke amandla aye kwimithombo evuselelekayo, ke ngoko sifuna zonke ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe ukuhlangabezana nalo mngeni."
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-17-2021